Russia and China are pursuing a nuclear power plant on the Moon to provide reliable, long-term energy for their joint International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) and sustained lunar exploration programs, enabling operations like rovers, observatories, and potential human habitats beyond short-term solar power limitations.1

Key Reasons from Official Plans

Russia's state space agency, Roscosmos, has contracted with the Lavochkin Association and Rosatom (its state nuclear corporation) to build a lunar power station by 2036, explicitly described as a nuclear facility to power the ILRS collaboration with China, transitioning from one-off missions to permanent operations.1 This addresses the Moon's challenges, such as extended lunar nights (up to 14 Earth days) where solar panels fail, making nuclear reactors essential for continuous energy supply.1

Supporting Context

• Joint Russian-Chinese Initiative: The ILRS requires stable power for scientific infrastructure, including rovers and observatories, as stated by Roscosmos.1 Dmitry Bakanov, head of Roscosmos, confirmed plans for a lunar nuclear power plant.1
• Global Competition: Similar to NASA's goal for a lunar nuclear reactor by early 2030s to support bases and Mars missions, Russia aims to compete with the US and China in lunar presence, where energy is critical for sustaining life and operations.1
• Resource and Regulatory Factors: While lunar Helium-3 and rare earth metals offer future potential, the primary driver is operational energy needs; international rules ban nuclear weapons in space but allow reactors under guidelines.1

No recent developments beyond 2023 plans are detailed, but these align with accelerating lunar races among major powers.1